11。汽車前輪搖擺故障的分析與排除
11。 Analysis and troubleshooting of vehicle Front Wheel swing Fault
汽車前輪搖擺故障是轉向系中危害最大的常見故障之一，該故障嚴重影響車輛的經濟性和安全性。制約車輛技術性能的發揮。
The front wheel swing fault of automobile is one of the most harmful common faults in steering system， which seriously affects the economy and safety of the vehicle。 Restrict the development of vehicle technical performance。
（1）前輪搖擺故障產生的原因
The main results are as follows： （1） the causes of front wheel swing fault
前輪搖擺是-個複雜的振動問題，當外界干擾力的頻率與汽車轉向輪或某一部件自由振動頻率接近時。前輪就會發生強烈的共振現象。這就形成了前輪搖擺。具體原因是多方面的。除與結構設計、製造及維修工藝等有關外，還與轉向機構松曠、前輪定位失常、前輪不平衡等因素有關。
Front wheel swing is a complex vibration problem， when the frequency of external interference force is close to the free vibration frequency of automobile steering wheel or a part。 There will be a strong resonance in the front wheel。 This forms the front wheel swing。 There are many specific reasons。 In addition to structural design， manufacturing and maintenance technology， it is also related to the loose steering mechanism， abnormal positioning of the front wheel， imbalance of the front wheel and so on。
①結構設計不合理或前輪定位引數失常
1 unreasonable structural design or abnormal front wheel positioning parameters
由於我國汽車工業起步晚，而且廠家眾多，技術力量分散。製造及檢測裝置比較落後，使得有些汽車在材料、製造中就存在先天不足，如加工誤差大、精度低、零件質量差等，這些都會導致前輪搖擺的產生，並且很難修復或校正。另外，汽車在行駛中，轉向輪的穩定性是靠前輪定位引數（包括主銷內傾、主銷後傾、前輪外傾、前輪前東等）來實現的，前輪定位具有保持車輪直線行駛，並能在車輪發生偏轉時產生回正力的能力，這？能力稱為前輪穩定效應。如果前輪定位引數在使用和維修中發生了變化，例如：前橋彎曲，車橋變形，輪轂軸承、主銷與襯套松曠，以及輪輞變形或固定螺絲鬆動，都將使前輪的穩定效應受到破壞，致使前輪出現搖擺現象。
Due to the late start of China‘s automobile industry， and a large number of manufacturers， the technical force is scattered。 The manufacturing and testing equipment is relatively backward， which makes some cars have inherent shortcomings in materials and manufacturing， such as large machining error， low precision， poor quality of parts and so on， which will lead to the production of front wheel swing， and it is difficult to repair or correct。 In addition， in the driving of the car， the stability of the steering wheel is realized by the front wheel positioning parameters （including the main pin tilting， the main pin backward inclination， the forward wheel extroversion， the front wheel front thing， etc。）。 The front wheel positioning has the ability to keep the wheel running in a straight line and produce the positive force when the wheel deflects。 Ability is called the front wheel stability effect。 If the positioning parameters of the front wheel change in use and maintenance， such as the bending of the front axle， the deformation of the car bridge， the loosening of the hub bearing， the main pin and the bushing， and the deformation of the rim or the loosening of the fixing screw， the stability effect of the front wheel will be destroyed， resulting in the swaying phenomenon of the front wheel。
②轉向機構松曠
（2） the steering mechanism is loose。
轉向機構在使用過程中。由於裝配不當、振動、磨損等原因。往往會引起緊韌體鬆動，配合間隙過大。從而造成前輪搖擺。其具體影響因素有：
The steering mechanism is in use。 Due to improper assembly， vibration， wear and other reasons。 It often causes fasteners to loosen and the clearance is too large。 Causing the front wheel to swing。 The specific influencing factors are：
方向盤與轉向器各固定螺栓、螺母鎖止鬆動。轉向器內主、從動部分的軸承松曠。轉向器內主、從動部件齧合間隙過大。搖臂軸與襯套間松曠。
Steering wheel and steering gear each fixed bolt， nut lock to stop loosening。 The bearings in the main and follower parts of the steering gear are loose。 The meshing clearance of the main and follower components in the steering gear is too large。 The rocker arm shaft is loose with the bushing。
轉向傳動花鍵和十字軸軸承松曠。橫直拉桿球頭調整不當或磨損松曠。各緊固螺母鬆動。
Steering drive splines and cross shaft bearings are loose。 The ball head of the horizontal straight pull rod is improperly adjusted or worn loose。 Each fastening nut is loose。
轉向節主銷與襯套磨損過甚。轉向輪輪轂軸承松曠。
。 The main pin and bushing of steering knuckle wear too much。 Steering wheel hub bearings are loose。
轉向橋鋼板彈簧U形螺栓鬆動。
。 The U-shaped bolt of the leaf spring of the steering bridge is loose。
鬆動會使汽車執行中的阻尼作用下降，擺振增加。由振動理論可知，在同速度下，阻尼作用越小 。振幅越大。當振幅達到一定 值時，就會發生折斷，所以出現松曠時應及時排除。
Loosening will reduce the damping effect and increase the shimmy in the operation of the vehicle。 According to the vibration theory， the smaller the damping effect is at the same speed。 The bigger the amplitude。 When the amplitude reaches a certain value， it will break， so when it appears loose， it should be excluded in time。
③前輪不平衡
3。 Front wheel imbalance
車輪是一個由輪胎、輪輞、輪輻組成的旋轉件。輪轂和制動鼓組成另-個旋轉元件。這些部件在製造組裝、使用中往往會造成質量分佈不均，這些不平衡質量在汽車行駛中會隨著車輪高速旋轉，產生沿車輪圓周方向不斷變化的動量，形成一個上下、前後不斷變化的衝量，引起轉向輪的跳動和搖擺。
A wheel is a rotating part composed of tires， rims and spoke。 The hub and brake drum form another rotating assembly。 These components often cause uneven mass distribution in manufacturing， assembly and use。 These unbalanced mass will rotate with the wheel at high speed， resulting in constant change of momentum along the round direction of the wheel， forming a constantly changing impulse up and down， leading to the beating and swinging of the steering wheel。
造成前輪質量不平衡的具體因素有：
The specific factors that cause the quality imbalance of the front wheel are：
前輪輪盤、輪轂和輪胎等加工精度不高，材料及其密度不均。裝配時。輪胎、輪盤、輪輞等不同心。
。 The machining accuracy of front wheel disc， wheel hub and tire is not high， and the material and its density are uneven。 Assembly time。 Tires， wheels， rims， etc。
輪胎磨M不均句，外胎修補或翻新等。
。 Tire grinding M uneven sentence， outer tire repair or refurbishment， etc。
車輛書故造成的影響。實踐證明，多數車輛在發生事故後都會出現前輪捅擺現象這是因為在發生事故時，車輛主要部件如大梁。前橋核直拉桿、轉向節等均受到衝擊、擠壓作用產生扭曲變形，從而引起前輪定位引數發生變化，導致前輪搖擺故障的發生。
。 The impact of vehicle books。 It has been proved that most vehicles will have the phenomenon of front wheel swinging after the accident， which is because in the event of the accident， the main parts of the vehicle， such as the beam。 The front axle core direct pull rod， steering joint and so on are subjected to impact， extrusion and so on， resulting in distortion and deformation， which leads to the change of front wheel positioning parameters and the occurrence of front wheel swing fault。
④使用因素的影響
（4） the influence of use factors
使用不當也會引起前輪搖擺，例如。裝載不均或貨物裝載不合理，會使兩前輪承載不-致 。引起前輪定位引數發生相對變化。導致前輪搖擺。另外，汽車行駛於凸凹不平的道路上，若顛簸引起的振動頻率與汽車的固有振動頻率相等或接近時。也會引起車身劇烈抖動，產生前輪搖擺現象。前輪搖擺除以上幾方面原因外，轉向系剛度太低，前鋼板彈簧U形螺栓鬆動或鋼板銷與其襯套配合松曠，轉向系與前懸架的運動互相干涉，輪胎氣壓不足等因素，對前輪搖擺也有影響。
Improper use can also cause the front wheel to swing， for example。 Uneven loading or unreasonable loading of goods will cause the two front wheels to carry。 The relative change of the positioning parameters of the front wheel is caused by the change of the positioning parameters of the front wheel。 Causing the front wheel to swing。 In addition， if the vibration frequency caused by bumps is equal to or close to the natural vibration frequency of the car， the car runs on a uneven road。 It will also cause the body to shake violently， resulting in the phenomenon of front wheel swaying。 In addition to the above reasons， the stiffness of the steering system is too low， the loosening of the U-shaped bolt of the front leaf spring or the loose matching of the steel plate pin with its bushing， the interference between the motion of the steering system and the front suspension， and the lack of tire pressure also have an impact on the front wheel swing。
（2）前輪搖擺故障的診斷與排除
（2） diagnosis and elimination of front wheel swing fault
前輪搖擺嚴重地破壞了汽車行駛的平順性，直接影響行車安全，同時也會增加輪胎的磨損與滾動阻力，並使轉向機構的載荷增大，降低零件的使用壽命。此外，為了避免前輪搖擺產生的不良後果，汽車不得不以較低的速度行駛，從而影響了運輸生產率。因此，若出現前輪搖擺故障。應及時進行檢查診斷並排除。
The front wheel swing seriously destroys the ride comfort of the car， directly affects the driving safety， but also increases the wear and rolling resistance of the tire， increases the load of the steering mechanism， and reduces the service life of the parts。 In addition， in order to avoid the adverse consequences of front wheel swinging， cars have to travel at a lower speed， thus affecting transport productivity。 Therefore， if there is a front wheel swing fault。 Inspection and diagnosis should be carried out in a timely manner and excluded。
①檢查方向盤行程是否過大
1 check whether the steering wheel stroke is too large
檢查方向盤的自由行程，可以瞭解轉向系各部件的松程度。檢查方法是：左右來回轉動方向盤，轉到車輪欲動而義未動時止。其兩極限位置之間的夾角即為自由行程。-般規定。直線位置上方向盤的自由行程不應超過10°C-15°C。自由行程過大，-般為轉向器或傳動機構間隙過大或連線鬆動引起的，對此可作進一步檢查：一 人在車上左右轉動方向盤，另一人在車下觀察傳動機構。如果方向盤轉了許多，而搖臂沒轉動，則故障在轉向器；如果搖臂已擺動許多，而前輪並不偏轉，則故障在轉向機構，應分別予以調整。
Check the free travel of the steering wheel to understand the degree of looseness of each part of the steering system。 The inspection method is： turn the steering wheel back and forth from left to right， until the wheel wants to move and does not move。 The angle between the two limit positions is free travel。 -General rules。 The free travel of the steering wheel in a straight line position should not exceed 10°C-15°C 。 The free stroke is too large， which is generally caused by the excessive gap between the steering gear or the transmission mechanism or loose connection， which can be further checked： one person turns the steering wheel around the car， and the other observes the transmission mechanism under the car。 If the steering wheel turns a lot and the rocker arm does not turn， the fault is in the steering gear； if the rocker arm has swung a lot and the front wheel does not deflect， the fault should be adjusted separately in the steering mechanism。
②檢查前輪質量是否平衡
2 check whether the mass of the front wheel is balanced
將前橋頂起，分別轉動左、右車輪，待其靜止後，用粉筆或油漆在輪胎下緣作一標記。爾後再轉動車輪，若每次轉動後的靜止點在同-位置，則證明車輪不平衡；若靜止點毫無規律，則證明車輪基本平衡（此時，輪轂軸承不得過緊，否則將測不準確）。在實際使用中，車輪不平衡是不可避免的，但應儘量把不平衡限制在最小範圍內。
Lift the front axle and turn the left and right wheels respectively。 when they are still， mark the lower edge of the tire with chalk or paint。 Then turn the wheel， if the static point after each rotation is in the same position， it is proved that the wheel is unbalanced； if the static point is irregular， it is proved that the wheel is basically balanced （at this time， the hub bearing must not be too tight， otherwise the measurement will not be accurate）。 In practical use， wheel imbalance is inevitable， but the imbalance should be limited to a minimum range as far as possible。
若出現不平衡，應首先察看前輪是否裝用了翻新胎，外胎有無嚴重損傷，若有應子以更換；若無，則用大型劃針檢查前輪的徑向跳動量和端面跳動量。若超過8mm，應重新裝配輪胎。必要時進行更換。如果以上檢查均符合標準，則應進行靜平衡調整，其方法是：將前橋支起，轉動前輪，待車輪自由靜止後，在輪軸上方輪輞某——位置粘配重塊，再反覆做平衡試驗，並調整重塊位置和質量，至前輪平衡時，即可將重塊固定。
If there is imbalance， we should first check whether the front wheel is fitted with refurbished tire， if there is serious damage to the outer tire， if there is a should be replaced； if not， then use a large needle to check the radial jump and end face jump of the front wheel。 If the tire exceeds 8 mm， the tire should be reassembled。 Replace it if necessary。 If the above inspection is in line with the standard， the static balance adjustment should be carried out。 the method is to support the front axle， turn the front wheel， wait for the wheel to be free and static， glue the weight block at a certain position on the rim above the wheel shaft， and then do the balance test repeatedly， and adjust the position and quality of the heavy block， and when the front wheel is balanced， the heavy block can be fixed。
③檢查車輪定位引數是否失常
3 check whether the wheel positioning parameters are abnormal
前輪定位失常會引起輪胎不正常磨損，所以透過對輪胎不正常磨損情況的分析，可以診斷前輪定位失常情況。
The abnormal positioning of the front wheel will cause abnormal wear of the tire， so through the analysis of the abnormal wear of the tire， the abnormal positioning of the front wheel can be diagnosed。
如果單個輪胎出現不正常磨損，其原因是前輪外傾角不符合標準，外側磨損是外傾角過大，內側磨損是外傾角過小。如果兩個輪胎同時發生不正常磨損，且磨損形狀為鋸齒形，其主要原因是前束不準，磨成外鋸齒形說明前束過小，磨成內鋸齒形說明前束過大。對前輪定位失常故障，應從以下幾個方面
If the abnormal wear of a single tire occurs， the reason is that the outer inclination of the front wheel does not meet the standard， the lateral wear is too large， and the inner wear is too small。 If the two tires have abnormal wear at the same time， and the wear shape is serrated， the main reason is that the front beam is inaccurate， the outer serrated shape indicates that the front beam is too small， and the inner serrated shape indicates that the front beam is too large。 For the abnormal location of the front wheel， the following aspects should be taken into account。
作進一步診斷排除：
For further diagnosis and exclusion：
。用前棗尺等工具檢直前輪前束值。前東失準。與前輪外傾角匹配不合理，不能有效地消除由於前輪外傾所引起的邊向前滾動邊滑移的現象，特致低速擺振。所以，前柬不符合規定時應及時調整。
。 Straighten the front beam value of the front wheel with the tools such as the front jujube ruler。 The front is inaccurate。 The matching with the outer inclination angle of the front wheel is unreasonable， which can not effectively eliminate the slip of the forward rolling edge caused by the extroversion of the front wheel， and the low speed shimmy is especially caused by the slip of the edge rolling edge caused by the extroversion of the front wheel。 Therefore， the former Cambodia should be adjusted in a timely manner when it does not meet the requirements。
。檢在轉向節主銷與村套的問家。架起前橋並用手扳動車輪，檢在轉向節主銷與襯套的松曠程度。若有明顯松曠、應更換襯套或更換加大的主銷。
。 Check in the steering knuckle main sales and village set of the questioner。 Set up the front axle and pull the wheel with the hand to check the loose degree of the main pin and bushing of the steering knuckle。 If there is obvious looseness， the bushing should be replaced or the increased main sale should be replaced。
檢查輪轂軸承是否松曠，若松曠應進行調整。
Check if the hub bearing is loose， if loose should be adjusted。
檢查輪輞前橋或車架有無變形。輪胎螺栓鬆緊是否致，對不符合標準的應予以校正或更換。
Check the rim front axle or frame for deformation。 Whether the tire bolt is loose or not should be corrected or replaced if it does not meet the standard。
④檢查其他部位及使用因素
（4） examination of other parts and factors of use
。傳動系擺振。架起後橋，前輪掩三角木，啟動發動機並逐步換人高速擋，若驅動橋出現振動，說明前輪擺振多由後傳動振動引起，應及時排除。
。 The transmission system shakes。 Set up the rear axle， front wheel cover triangle wood， start the engine and gradually change the high speed gear， if the drive bridge vibration， indicating that the front wheel shimmy is mostly caused by the rear transmission vibration， should be eliminated in time。
。鋼板彈簧過軟，兩側鋼板效能差別較大或U形螺栓鬆動，轉向系剛度較差也會引起前輪搖擺，應進行更換。
。 If the leaf spring is too soft， the performance of the steel plate on both sides is different or the U-shaped bolt is loose， and the stiffness of the steering system will also cause the front wheel to swing， so it should be replaced。
。減振器損壞。用力按動前保險槓（上下運動），檢視減振器是否在伸張（或壓縮）行程內動作，若車身上下顛簸2~3次後就停止，且無異響，證明減振器良好，否則應修復或更換。
。 The shock absorber is damaged。 Press the front bumper （up and down） to check whether the shock absorber is moving in the stretch （or compression） stroke。 If the body bumps up and down 2 times and 3 times， it stops， and it is no different， proving that the shock absorber is good， otherwise it should be repaired or replaced。
。道路不平或裝載不合理。若汽車在不平道路上行駛時發生前輪搖擺，這是路面對前梁產生衝擊而使前輪繞主銷產生角振動造成的。此時，駕駛員透過改變車速、大幅度左右迴轉方向盤（在交通狀況允許的情況下）等方法，可使前輪擺振現象減弱或消失。裝載不合理，如貨物重心偏後，會引起前輪發飄、搖擺。
。 The road is uneven or unreasonably loaded。 If the front wheel swings when the car is driving on the uneven road， this is caused by the impact of the road surface on the front beam and the angular vibration of the front wheel around the main pin。 At this time， the driver can weaken or disappear the swing phenomenon of the front wheel by changing the speed， turning the steering wheel to the left and right （if the traffic condition allows） and so on。 The loading is unreasonable， such as after the center of gravity of the goods is biased， it will cause the front wheel to float and swing。
